Neither realized, however, that Sabina needed the car only in the early evening and that Pablo needed it only in the late evening. Consequently, the girls in his class become apprehensive when preparing and giving speeches in his class. This might remind you of self-determination theory, with its focus on autonomy, relatedness, and competence. NIMBY, also spelled Nimby, in full Not in My Backyard or Not in My Backyard Phenomenon, a colloquialism signifying one's opposition to the locating of something considered undesirable in one's neighborhood. As a result, outgroup disliking stems from this in-group liking (Brewer & Brown, 1998). c. the social-responsibility norm. In political science, Duverger's law holds that single-ballot majoritarian elections with single-member districts (such as first past the post) tend to favor a two-party system.The discovery of this tendency is attributed to Maurice Duverger, a French sociologist who observed the effect and recorded it in several papers published in the 1950s and 1960s. It generally involves stereotyped beliefs, negative feelings, and a predisposition to discriminatory action. When she gets home in the evening, she criticizes her friend's choice of restaurant for dinner. a. a personality that is disposed to favor obedience to authority and intolerance of outgroups and those lower in status . Receives a utility bill on July 2 totaling $4,560 for services received during June. They have been chosen for their school team to participate in a math competition against other local schools. c. young adults tend to prefer the same kinds of music. (Check the elasticity of px(p,m)p x^*(p, m)px(p,m) w.r.t. One explanation is that historical biases were widespread and institutionalized. The tendency for people who have first agreed to a small request to comply later with a larger request. "teachers" actually seemed to enjoy shocking the "learners.". When it comes time to categorize ice cream as good or bad, you may still categorize it as good, but you will likely be a little slowerperhaps even fractions of a second slower-- in arriving at this judgment. Refusing to hire qualified job applicants because of the color of their skin is to engage in: Nestor belongs to the cross-country ski club at his college but is not a member of the downhill ski club. High rates of violence are most common among those who experience minimal levels of: We also want to know whether the members of the group are competent enough to act on their good or ill intentions. For example, someone high in SDO would likely be upset if someone from an outgroup moved into her neighborhood. In order for a transaction to be recorded in a business accounting records, the effects of the transaction must be faithfully represented. does not simply mean taking pride in one's group; it also involves asserting the group's superiority over other groups. This best illustrates the value of, Sharing household chores ranks high on a list of things people associate with successful marriages. "teachers" were deceived and frequently subjected to severe stress. For example, the SDO gender difference (men higher, women lower) appears all over the world. Only when research participants were informed that a woman was raped did they perceive the woman's behavior as inviting rape. . Research on how we categorize social information suggests that Joie is most likely to believe that most: Also called the cross-race effect and the own-race bias, The tendency for people to believe the world is just and that people therefore get what they deserve and deserve what they get. Brewer, M. B., & Brown, R. J. When people would like a certain idea or concept to be true, they end up believing it to be true. Another example includes people who feel benevolent toward traditional women but hostile toward nontraditional women. A specific case of comfort with the ingroup is called aversive racism, so-called because people do not like to admit their own racial biases to themselves or others (Dovidio & Gaertner, 2010). B) become more extreme in their opinions following group discussion. As a result, the White person may give a good excuse to avoid such awkward situations. d. physical attractiveness. 1. a natural or prevailing disposition to move, proceed, or act in some direction or toward some point, end, or result. Mr. Wong, a high school teacher, tells his class that he thinks boys tend to be less anxious and, thus, give better speeches than girls. 2022. Male 1: Maybe more than anybody else. C) selective perception. The finding that the greater the number of people who witness an emergency, the less likely any one of them is to help, the tendency for individuals to increase their liking for something they have worked hard to attain, apprehension about confirming negative stereotypes related to one's own group, the tendency to draw a general impression about an individual on the basis of a single characteristic. Ingroup bias is the tendency to favor and support individuals who belong to groups we identify with. A tendency to favor one's own group is called: been more racially prejudiced than others. These small interactions can have devastating effects on the hopeful interviewees ability to perform well (Word, Zanna, & Cooper, 1974). Ethnocentrism is the term that denotes this kind of behavior. Bodenhausen, G. V., & Peery, D. (2009). Group-serving bias (or ultimate attribution error). An expectation that people will help those dependent upon them. the tendency to favor one's own group quizlet. We study in-group favouritism and out-group discrimination in a multiplayer dictator game in a naturally occuring group setting. where all constants are positive, a(0,1)a \in(0,1)a(0,1). Here are some more examples that are actually prejudice, watch what you say! Another case in which people judge other members of the ingroup very negatively occurs when a member of one's own group behaves in a . B) ingroup bias. nearness; the greater the exposure one has to another person, the more one generally comes to like that person. These two simple dimensionswarmth and competencetogether map how groups relate to each other in society. other-race effect: the tendency to recall faces of one's own race more accurately than faces of other races. these group categories that he fits into are his _____., an ___ is a large amount of people that perceive themselves as different from/ apart from their ingroup and more. (2004). They believe they have good values, rational thoughts, and strengths. B) Having the belief in the superiority of one's own ethnic group. p.)\left.p.\right)p.). Also called the cross-race effect and the own-race bias, the tendency for people to believe the world is just and that people therefore get what they deserve and deserve what they get, physical or verbal behavior intended to hurt someone, the principle that frustrationthe blocking of an attempt to achieve some goalcreates anger, which can generate aggression, the phenomenon that repeated exposure to novel stimuli increases liking of them, an aroused state of intense positive absorption in another, usually present at the beginning of a love relationship, the deep affectionate attachment we feel for those with whom our lives are intertwined, a condition in which people receive from a relationship in proportion to what they give to it, revealing intimate aspects of oneself to others, unselfish regard for the welfare of others, the tendency for any given bystander to be less likely to give aid if other bystanders are present, the theory that our social behavior is an exchange process, the aim of which is to maximize benefits and minimize costs, an expectation that people will help, not hurt, those who have helped them, an expectation that people will help those dependent upon them, a perceived incompatibility of actions, goals, or ideas, a situation in which the conflicting parties, by each rationally pursuing their self-interest, become caught in mutually destructive behavior, mutual views often held by conflicting people, as when each side sees itself as ethical and peaceful and views the other side as evil and aggressive, shared goals that override differences among people and require their cooperation, Graduated and Reciprocated Initiatives in Tension-Reductiona strategy designed to decrease international tensions. The phenomenon that repeated exposure to novel stimuli increases liking of them. divided her class into blue eyes and brown eyes to teach her kids about discrimination. B) the tendency to overestimate the impact of personal dispositions on another's behavior. Betty and Tina are in the third grade. We might feel affinity toward people from our home town, a connection with those who attend our university, or commiserate with the experience of people who share our gender identity, religion, or ethnicity. a. a dispositional attribution. Altemeyer, B. Common stereotypes of people from all sorts of categories and occupations turn out to classify them along these two dimensions (see Figure 1). Hanna is a supervisor in the production unit of a textile company. a. deindividuation. For example, authoritarian leaders tend to allocate more national resources to members of their own tribe, religious sect, or political party. This finding is an example of: In Europe, prejudice is often greater among those whose positive self-image is threatened. maxxa+ysubjecttopx+y=m. These blatant biases tend to run in packs: People who openly hate one outgroup also hate many others. The tendency to favor an idea, person, or thing over another is known as Multiple Choice rebuttal. Misra, S., Le, P.T., Goldmann, E. & Yang, L.H. Stereotypes and prejudice: Their automatic and controlled components. d. aggression. People are generally faster at pairing their own group with good categories. a. Exam 1 Dr. Weddings are generally happy occasions (it is more appropriate to say congratulations than I am so sorry), they are formal affairs (people typically dress up), and they usually include food (you dont need to stop and eat before attending the wedding). For example, imagine that a person believes left-handed people are more creative than right-handed people. When four people watched them, they made 80 percent of their shots. This is an example of: Elena's boss fires her because he is downsizing his company. (2010), since the Iraq war, Americans with a strong national identity expressed the most disdain for: People redirect their hostility when the cause of their frustration is intimidating or unknown. Fiske, S. T., Cuddy, A. J. C., & Glick, P. (2007). It's awful what the human race can do, even with the way we . The larger issue, however, is that own-group preference often results in liking other groups less. a motivation to have one's group dominate other social groups. Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like The jury . Psychological impact of anti-Asian stigma due to COVID-19 pandemic: A call for research, practice, and policy responses. A) Having a limited, narrow, or self-centered perspective. Female 2: I can be hard to figure out Male 2: and I like my privacy. Male 3: I don't want you looking over my shoulder all the time. self-worth. We identify o We compare Ingroup bias o Tendency to favor ones own group o. Understand biases such as social dominance orientation and right-wing authoritarianism. Groupthink: . Other-race Effect: Definition. However, imagine if every time you ate ice cream, you got a brain freeze. We naturally categorize people by age, language, occupation, ethnicity, income, and many other qualities. It might be easy to dismiss the IAT findings of the all-too-human tendency toward faster, more favorable processing of ones own group. d. They have relatively high levels of serotonin and high levels of testosterone. c. animals can be bred for aggressiveness. Impact. This can be expressed in evaluation of others, in allocation of resources, and in many other ways. On your way to school one day, ask yourself how many types of vehicles breeze down Main St U.S.A., on the average? The tendency to recall faces of one's own race more accurately than faces of other races. 33. These four kinds of stereotypes and their associated emotional prejudices (see Figure 2) occur all over the world and apply to each societys own groups. How often do you hear people criticizing groups without knowing anything about them? c. deindividuation. Verify that U/p=x(p,m)\partial U^* / \partial p=-x^*(p, m)U/p=x(p,m). A simple way to understand these mixed feelings, across a variety of groups, results from the Stereotype Content Model shows that social groups are viewed according to their perceived warmth and competence. Influence (conforming) resulting from a person's desire to gain approval or avoid disapproval. self-fulfilling. Unit 23. Social comparison and social identity: Some prospects for intergroup behaviour. B) The tendency to favor ones own cultural group over other groups is known as A) elitism . Nosotros _____ (ir) a la playa. Confirmation bias occurs from the direct influence of desire on beliefs. The tendency to favor one's own . Also called the cross- race effect and the own- race bias. This includes interference, displacement, and Stereotypes are the _______ component of a negative attitude towards a group of people. We commonly say that we should not label others but we cannot help but do so. At another end of the spectrum are homeless people and drug addicts, stereotyped as not having good intentions (perhaps untrustworthy) and likewise being incompetent (unable) to do anything useful. This illustrates, Adjusting one's behavior or thinking toward a group standard is called, Research participants believed that the Ash conformity test involved a study of, Alex thinks smoking is addictive but other players on his hockey team insist that it's not. For example, if two classes of children want to play on the same soccer field, the classes will come to dislike each other not because of any real, objectionable traits about the other group. Women cannot drive. d. women tend to share similar attitudes about sex. Subtle biases (also called automatic or implicit biases) are unexamined and sometimes unconscious, but just as real in their consequences. Blatant biases (also called explicit biases) are conscious beliefs, feelings, and behavior that people are perfectly willing to admit, which express hostility toward other groups (outgroups) while unduly favoring ones own group (in-group). This means, potentially, that there is left-wing authoritarianism that promotes conventional progressive values and seeks to silence dissenting voices (Manson, 2020). Tell your classmates what you will visit and what you will do and see there. a. groupthink bias b.ingroup bias c.outgroup bias d. intergroup bias According to current research of aggression, which of the following statements is. Do you or someone you know believe that group hierarchies are inevitable? . social class, family, football team etc.) Prejudice generally involves stereotyped beliefs, negative feelings, and a predisposition to discriminatory action, a generalized (sometimes accurate but often overgeneralized) belief about a group of people, unjustifiable negative behavior toward a group and its members, Uspeople with whom we share a common identity, Themthose perceived as different or apart from our ingroup, the theory that prejudice offers an outlet for anger by providing someone to blame, the tendency to recall faces of ones own race more accurately than faces of other races. However, to justify preferential treatment, people often exaggerate the differences between their in-group and an outgroup. exclusivity. D) the belief that victims of misfortune deserve their fate. the scientific study of how we think about, influence, and relate to one another, the theory that we explain someones behavior by crediting either the situation or the persons disposition, the tendency for observers, when analyzing anothers behavior, to underestimate the impact of the situation and to overestimate the impact of personal disposition, feelings, often influenced by our beliefs, that predispose us to respond in a particular way to objects, people, and events, occurs when interested people focus on the arguments and respond with favorable thoughts, occurs when people are influenced by incidental cues, such as a speakers attractiveness, the tendency for people who have first agreed to a small request to comply later with a larger request, a set of expectations (norms) about a social position, defining how those in the position ought to behave, the theory that we act to reduce the discomfort (dissonance) we feel when two of our thoughts (cognitions) are inconsistent. tendency: 1 n an inclination to do something Synonyms: leaning , propensity Type of: inclination that toward which you are inclined to feel a liking n an attitude of mind especially one that favors one alternative over others "a tendency to be too strict" Synonyms: disposition , inclination Types: show 31 types. According to these jurors, this case is best explained in terms of the: The tendency to favor one's own group, the group with whom we share a common identity, is called: Kelly is a Republican and Carlos is a Democrat. Twenty Wallonians were arrested for nonviolent crimes, whereas 20 Pireaneans were arrested for violent crimes. Logic suggests, then, that because we like ourselves, we also like the groups in which we are members. In-group favoritism is an ambiguous form of bias because it disfavors the outgroup by exclusion. And whether you recognize this favoritism as wrong, this trade-off is relatively automatic (unintended,immediate, and irresistible). For instance, Margaret might not be typical (or stereotypical) of an 80-year-old in that she regularly competes in organized half-marathons. bias. Racial stereotypes of one hundred college students. This means seeing women, minorities, homosexuals, and non-believers as inferior. He is disheartened and feels frustrated but is unable to question his manager. Take the IAT. Mutual views often held by conflicting people, as when each side sees itself as ethical and peaceful and views the other side as evil and aggressive. Prejudice. a. amygdala The tendency to judge that more crimes were committed by Pireaneans than by Wallonians best illustrates the power of: As an Amazon Associate we earn from qualifying purchases. The stereotype content model attends to two major dimensions of evaluating other people: warmth and competence. "Us"people with whom we share a common identity. Ingroup favoritismthe tendency to favor members of one's own group over those in other groupsis well documented, but the mechanisms driving this behavior are not well understood. That said, the targets of bias sometimes shift across time. It was considered acceptable to openly disparage entire groups of people and to pass laws that restricted or harmed these groups. This best illustrates the perceived value of, The tragic murder of Kitty Genovese outside her New York apartment stimulated social-psychological research on. Expert Answer. As a result, outgroup disliking stems from this in-group liking (Brewer & Brown, 1998). a. human aggression is an unlearned instinct. This fact is consistent with the principle that ________ breeds prejudice. Highly dominating, highly authoritarian personalities. The results from research using the IAT are consistent with social identity theory. His action is best explained in terms of the, Aggression-replacement programs are most likely to advise parents to avoid, In contrast to watching violence on television, participating in violent video games involves, The mere exposure effect refers to the fact that people. lowering the value of ones house; fewer openings in the school; etc.). What groups illustrate ambivalent biases, seemingly competent but cold, or warm but incompetent? Individualistic culture is to independent self as collectivistic culture is to _______ self. c. blood alcohol. Historical examples abound. We identify o we compare ingroup bias o tendency to. In the context of the relationship between religion and racial prejudice, if one defines religiousness as . At the time it was written, however, women and minorities (especially enslaved people) were not included in this sentiment. CHAPTER 12: CULTURE Multiple Choice 1. HLT 1353. chapter_12_answers - CHAPTER 12: CULTURE Multiple Choice 1. Greenwald, A. G., Poehlman, T. A., Uhlmann, E. L., & Banaji, M. R. (2009). "learners" received painful electric shocks even if they had heart problems. In our soccer example, one set of children will focus on their own desire to play without really regarding the similar desire of the other class as equal and legitimate. The theory that we explain someone's behavior by crediting either the situation (external) or the person's disposition (internal). School California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo; Course Title PSYC 3500; Uploaded By staceymartinez1224. However, regardless of political ideology, RWA focuses on competing frameworks of values. In terms of basic social categories, the members of Nestor's cross-country ski club are the _____ and the members of the downhill ski club are the _____. By contrast, those high in RWA may equally dislike the outgroup member moving into the neighborhood but for different reasons. B) an unjustifiable attitude toward a group and its members. Most people also identify as members of certain groups but not others. People who score high on SDO believe that some groups are inherently better than others, and because of this, there is no such thing as group equality. At the same time, though, SDO is not just about being personally dominant and controlling of others; SDO describes a preferred arrangement of groups with some on top (preferably onesown group) and some on the bottom. Dovidio, J. F., & Gaertner, S. L. (2010). "Oh, no, never," the woman said. Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like The tendency to favor one's own cultural group over other groups is known as ., The underlying reason why stereotype threat can undermine the performance of members of a group with respect to some ability is that the experience of stereotype threat fosters ., In individualistic cultures, what is NOT one of the four beliefs . the tendency to favor one's own group quizlet the tendency to favor one's own group quizlet. If word-of-mouth hiring practices in an all-White business have the effect of excluding potential non-White employees, the practice could be called: Bill is often described as judgmental, ethnocentric, and punitive. Joie, age 19, is a Black female university sophomore. tendency. skepticism. University students were observed to pull harder on a rope when they thought they were pulling alone than when they thought three others were pulling with them on the same rope. Unfortunately, problems can also arise from our tendency to categorize. It was used in the context of the last major effort by electric utilities . Was the White person right to avoid the situation so that neither person would feel uncomfortable? c. cognitive dissonance. An allocator divides a large sum of money among three groups of around 20 recipients each and also to themselves. For the following sentence, make corrections in end mark, period, and comma usage as needed. c. frontal lobes Studies have revealed diminished activity in the ________ of violent criminals. An expectation that people will help, not hurt, those who have helped them. What is a FALSE statement regarding the research on microaggressions. Social psychologists have developed several ways to measure this automatic preference, the most famous being the Implicit Association Test (IAT; Greenwald, Banaji, Rudman, Farnham, Nosek, & Mellott, 2002; Greenwald, McGhee, & Schwartz, 1998). Rudman, L. A., & Ashmore, R. D. (2007). 97 terms. Like SDO, there does appear to be an association between this ideology (i.e. ________ is a tendency to favor one's own group. What are the demand functions in this case? The result is seeing people who live in subsidized housing, or who like comic books, or who are religious, or who have autism as one homogenous group with little variation. For example, a job interviewer might have two qualified applicants; a man and a woman. 1. Yosef, who is of Jewish origin, joins her unit as a trainee. Draw a circle graph with this information. Dispositional (Internal) Attribution Theory. b. the mere exposure effect. The theory that prejudice offers an outlet for anger by providing someone to blame. For instance, the constitution of the United States attempted to ensure that all people were represented by the government and could participate in the creation of government. A generalized (sometimes accurate, but often overgeneralized) belief about a group of people. Women are in poverty and are uneducated more. For example, when our awareness of our attitudes and of our actions clash, we can reduce the resulting discomfort by changing our attitudes. triangular theory of love. In the context of distinctiveness, you are most likely to introduce your roommate to your friends as: When the British made a group of German civilians walk through a concentration camp at the close of World War II, one German responded: "What terrible criminals these prisoners must have been to receive such treatment." Where slavery was practiced, prejudice ran strong. Monoamine oxidase A (MAOA) is sometimes called the ________ gene. b. less; more Manson, J. H. (2020). Measuring individual differences in implicit cognition: The implicit association test. Even ordinary people, without any particular hostility, can become agents in a destructive process. A loss of self-awareness and self-restraint in group situations that foster arousal and anonymity. Social identity theory (Tajfel, Billig, Bundy, & Flament, 1971) describes this tendency to favor ones own in-group over anothers outgroup. Female 3: But you know your kid better than anybody else and if you think he's acting different than usual, Male 1: acting really down, crying all the time for no good . The principle that frustrationthe blocking of an attempt to achieve some goalcreates anger, which can generate aggression. The tendency to ignore information about general principles in favor of very specific but vivid information. model of love based on three components: intimacy, passion, and commitment; several types of love exist, depending on the presence or absence of each of these components. The theory that our social behavior is an exchange process, the aim of which is to maximize benefits and minimize costs. Social identity theory (Tajfel, Billig, Bundy, & Flament, 1971) describes this tendency to favor one's own in-group over another's outgroup. ethnocentric. Three pathways by which self-concept can shape how we communicate are self-esteem, self-monitoring, and Multiple Choice self-serving bias. Intergroup relations. Tendency to favor one's own ethnic group over other ethnic groups. A., & Mellott, D. S. (2002).
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